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<time class="readtime" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); display: block; padding-bottom: 0px; text-align: right; font-family: proxima-nova, arial, sans-serif;"> 10 min read</time>Smoke and Mirrors: Why We Aren't Seeing More Digital Zombies Like Michael Jackson
The King of Pop's digitized performance at the Billboard Music Awards gave the world a glimpse into a captivating technology that faces serious hurdles, inside and out.
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KIM LACHANCE SHANDROW
ENTREPRENEUR STAFF
</aside><time style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-transform: uppercase; display: block; padding-bottom: 12px;">JULY 2, 2014</time>Michael Jackson can’t get a break from the business, not even in death.
The King of Pop fatally overdosed at the age of 50 five years ago, but last month he moonwalked back from the dead and digitally rocked the Billboard Music Awards in Las Vegas.
For four minutes, Jackson danced on stage in a bejeweled military jacket and tight red pants. Flanked by blasts of fire and both real and synthetic backup dancers, he pumped out his signature moves -- clutching his crotch and balancing on the tips of his toes.
But it wasn’t really Jackson. And it wasn’t a 3-D hologram, even if dozens of media outlets were quick to incorrectly report it that way.
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="343" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/jDRTghGZ7XU" style="width: 610px"></iframe>
The ghostly thriller that bewitched 11.5 million viewers was the product of a 150-year-old optical illusion called Pepper’s Ghost, a campy light-and-mirror trick that Disney has used to dupe Haunted Mansion visitors since 1969. The digital portion of the illusion took 30 weeks, 35 animators, two 8K cameras, and millions of dollars to orchestrate. Live pyrotechnics, real musicians and dancers, and an intricate lighting setup completed the 40-foot-stage sized trompe l'oeil.
The complexity of the technology, though, is nothing compared with the complexity of the industry behind it. There are several reasons dead celebrity – known in the business as “delebrity” – clones don't emerge more often, including a tangle of nasty legal battles and tremendous costs.
But if the industry overcomes its hurdles, insiders say digital clones could someday prove useful in places far beyond Hollywood: They could become part of everyday life.
An intellectual property quagmire
Pulse Evolution Corporation, a Port St. Lucie, Fla.-based digital human animation and production startup launched last October, says it definitively owns the bragging rights to Jackson’s blowout Billboard resurrection.
But according to this glaringly false CNN report that aired in May and was later removed, British billionaire Alki David and his Beverly Hills-based Hologram USA were behind the Billboard show.
As the confusion suggests, there is a dispute over the underlying technology. Actually, “dispute” may be too mild a term. In the visual effects industry, there's an all-out war over who owns the rights to what.
Pulse Chairman John Textor, somewhat of a divisive character in the industry, headed up the Michael Jackson project with Pulse CEO Frank Patterson. The two onboarded several artists formerly of the James Cameron-founded visual effects house Digital Domain, where Textor had served as CEO until the company defaulted on a $35 million dollar loan and went bankrupt in September 2012.
Digital Domain – which exists today under new ownership – had folded just shy of six months after Textor and his team wowed the world with a shirtless, strutting digital version of slain rapper Tupac Shakur at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on April 15, 2012.
For the Tupac apparition, Digital Domain furnished the visual effects and animation, while Tempe, Ariz.-based audio visual and lighting systems provider AV Concepts projected what looked like a floating hologram of the rapper onto the stage.
AV Concepts pulled off the Tupac trick using the exact same patented holographic reflective foil technology, called the Musion Eyeliner, that Alki David claims John Textor and his team at Pulse illegally used during the virtual Michael Jackson Billboard performance, allegedly constituting patent infringement.
Hologram USA and London-based Musion Das Hologram Ltd. jointly filed an emergency lawsuit against Pulse, Dick Clark Productions, the executors of the Michael Jackson estate and other defendants on May 15 -- only three days before the Billboard Awards -- in an attempt to stop the show from going on. A federal judge in Las Vegas told the plaintiffs to beat it, saying they had no proof that the planned virtual performance would infringe on their patents.
Alki David told Entrepreneur.com that he “took over” the license to German inventor Uwe Maas’s Musion Eyeliner system in North America six months ago from the financially floundering Musion Das Hologram Ltd. He also claims that he outbid Textor last February for the rights to the Eyeliner foil technology and that Textor, along with Michael Jackson estate lawyer John Branca, used it anyway at the Billboard Awards without securing the license.
“They [Textor and Branca] jointly, knowingly, willfully infringed on this because they tried to acquire the license from us and we wouldn’t sell it to them,” David said.
Uwe Maas says Textor is a fraud, claiming he “worked with a pirate and tried to make a setup without infringing my patent. [Textor] is a thief and tries to make money with the ideas of others.”
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="343" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/ETL9KWtufYQ?list=UUulYu1HEIa7f70L2lYZWHOw" width="610" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; width: 595px;"></iframe>
“There’s projection technology and there’s content technology,” Textor said, “and we do not compete with Alki David because we don’t do projection technology and he doesn’t have a single animator working for him.”
Pulse finally countered Alki David’s lawsuit, filing one of its own on June 19, a month after its Billboard stunner. The $10 million countersuit calls David a “charlatan who had no involvement whatsoever in the development of the Michael Jackson animation” and further alleges that he "falsely claimed credit for creating and developing the visual effects spectacle in a nationally-televised interview on CNN, in press releases and on his various websites operated by his company,FilmOn."
Old dog, flashy new tricks
The process of creating a digital clone is no easy feat.
In the case of the Billboard Awards performance, Jackson’s estate originally pitched the idea and settled on the King of Pop’s look from 1991, according to Stephen Rosenbaum, the show’s Oscar-winning visual effects supervisor.
To digitally sculpt and animate Jackson's youthful appearance, with movement and mannerisms he might employ if still alive today, Pulse artists relied on a combination of video and photo reference material from the estate and the Internet. They also used cutting-edge scanning technology at the heavily Defense Department-fundedUniversity of Southern California (USC) Institute for Creative Technologies.
“We used some of our lab’s technology to help with the facial textures of the digital Michael Jackson,” confirmed Paul Debevec, a USC computer science research professor who leads the institute’s computer graphics research group.
“This one [Michael Jackson] was incredibly hard. It’s an incredibly recognizable face and the only reason anybody thought it was creepy was that the guy passed some time ago and we’re seeing him again, not that his face looked completely strange or unrecognizable or his eyes looked goofy or dead or anything like that.”
Choreographers and dancers who worked with Jackson when he was alive were also brought in to fine tune the synthetic Michael’s moves, expressions and trademark yelps.
For the live show, Pulse rigged six projectors above the stage and shined high-resolution, artist-rendered CGI video imagery of Michael onto a rear projection screen, which reflected directly off of a large sheet of holographic Mylar foil. The foil, stretched across the stage and tilted at a 41-degree angle away from the audience, acted as mirror upon which Michael appeared to float, sing and dance on, a “spirit dancing in the light.”
While the media was quick to hail the revival a groundbreaking success, live-stage production veterans weren’t so easily impressed. One insider, whose company provided a service at the Billboard Awards, noticed a tacky, telltale shimmer and heat wave on the foil, giving it away right from the start of the performance. Another said the illusion drums up curiosity based on sensationalism and "wow" factor alone, curiosity that he says won’t last once people figure out they’re being duped.
Pulse isn’t the only visual effects shop capable of creating extremely life-like digital human representations, dead or alive, said Pulse chairman John Textor. He said several companies are already doing it for the big screen, including Sony Pictures Imageworks, Industrial Light and Magic (a division of Lucasfilm Ltd.), Weta Digital in New Zealand, even the recently resurrected Digital Domain and a handful of others.
The high price of resurrection
Bringing back the dead isn’t as expensive as making a feature film, but it isn’t cheap either. At this point, only major organizations, venues, individuals and estates with seriously deep pockets can afford to play ball.
Hologram USA's Alki David says that the cost of installing a permanent, Hologram USA-furnished 20- by 16-feet floating digital clone display inside of a movie theater is about $350,000. (David said he’s hoping to lure audiences back to struggling major theater chains, like Regal, Cinemark, and AMC, via “holographic” show-driven live events.)
That includes the hallowed holographic foil, all other necessary hardware and software components and installation. About $115,000 of that ballpark total is for the projector all on its own. Then add in $150,000 for the annual license fee to use the special foil. The bigger and higher the resolution your image is, the bigger the price tag balloons.
To do the same in an LED screen, which would likely be used at a larger venue, like at a full-stage production show such as the Billboard Awards, the cost could be somewhere near $3 million, David said.
Keep in mind that neither estimate accounts for the millions of dollars involved in commissioning photorealistic CGI images that could pass for living humans and for 3-D when properly projected before a live audience.
“Making believable, photorealistic digital humans is extremely hard and expensive,” Paul Debevec said. “It’s not making Fords. It’s making Bentleys or Lamborghinis or a Lotus. Think small production runs and a lot of time-consuming hand detail here.”
Debevec said he currently has a research prototype in his laboratory that “actually gets 3-D right," meaning the image appears to have depth and volume you can touch. So it’s no shocker that it also cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to manufacture.
Looking back, rapper-producer Dr. Dre got a steal of deal when he commissioned Tupac’s levitating digital likeness for an estimated$100,000 to $400,000. Prices have apparently shot up considerably since 2012. Michael Jackson’s revival reportedly cost several million dollars to create, even before the stage production was built around it, which reportedly cost many millions more.
More pixels, more problems
The exorbitant cost of highly specialized visual effects hardware, software, labor and production, along with likely relatively low margins, are far from the only barriers holding back the business of reviving
http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/235142
</section>
The King of Pop's digitized performance at the Billboard Music Awards gave the world a glimpse into a captivating technology that faces serious hurdles, inside and out.
<header style="box-sizing: border-box;">
Image credit: Pulse Evolution Corporation
</header><section id="235142" class="col-md-12" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 12px; float: left; width: 619px;">| 39 | 193 | 18 | <tbody> </tbody> | <tbody> </tbody> |
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KIM LACHANCE SHANDROWENTREPRENEUR STAFF
The King of Pop fatally overdosed at the age of 50 five years ago, but last month he moonwalked back from the dead and digitally rocked the Billboard Music Awards in Las Vegas.
For four minutes, Jackson danced on stage in a bejeweled military jacket and tight red pants. Flanked by blasts of fire and both real and synthetic backup dancers, he pumped out his signature moves -- clutching his crotch and balancing on the tips of his toes.
But it wasn’t really Jackson. And it wasn’t a 3-D hologram, even if dozens of media outlets were quick to incorrectly report it that way.
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="343" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/jDRTghGZ7XU" style="width: 610px"></iframe>
The ghostly thriller that bewitched 11.5 million viewers was the product of a 150-year-old optical illusion called Pepper’s Ghost, a campy light-and-mirror trick that Disney has used to dupe Haunted Mansion visitors since 1969. The digital portion of the illusion took 30 weeks, 35 animators, two 8K cameras, and millions of dollars to orchestrate. Live pyrotechnics, real musicians and dancers, and an intricate lighting setup completed the 40-foot-stage sized trompe l'oeil.
The complexity of the technology, though, is nothing compared with the complexity of the industry behind it. There are several reasons dead celebrity – known in the business as “delebrity” – clones don't emerge more often, including a tangle of nasty legal battles and tremendous costs.
But if the industry overcomes its hurdles, insiders say digital clones could someday prove useful in places far beyond Hollywood: They could become part of everyday life.
An intellectual property quagmire
Pulse Evolution Corporation, a Port St. Lucie, Fla.-based digital human animation and production startup launched last October, says it definitively owns the bragging rights to Jackson’s blowout Billboard resurrection.
But according to this glaringly false CNN report that aired in May and was later removed, British billionaire Alki David and his Beverly Hills-based Hologram USA were behind the Billboard show.
As the confusion suggests, there is a dispute over the underlying technology. Actually, “dispute” may be too mild a term. In the visual effects industry, there's an all-out war over who owns the rights to what.
Pulse Chairman John Textor, somewhat of a divisive character in the industry, headed up the Michael Jackson project with Pulse CEO Frank Patterson. The two onboarded several artists formerly of the James Cameron-founded visual effects house Digital Domain, where Textor had served as CEO until the company defaulted on a $35 million dollar loan and went bankrupt in September 2012.
Digital Domain – which exists today under new ownership – had folded just shy of six months after Textor and his team wowed the world with a shirtless, strutting digital version of slain rapper Tupac Shakur at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on April 15, 2012.
For the Tupac apparition, Digital Domain furnished the visual effects and animation, while Tempe, Ariz.-based audio visual and lighting systems provider AV Concepts projected what looked like a floating hologram of the rapper onto the stage.
AV Concepts pulled off the Tupac trick using the exact same patented holographic reflective foil technology, called the Musion Eyeliner, that Alki David claims John Textor and his team at Pulse illegally used during the virtual Michael Jackson Billboard performance, allegedly constituting patent infringement.
Hologram USA and London-based Musion Das Hologram Ltd. jointly filed an emergency lawsuit against Pulse, Dick Clark Productions, the executors of the Michael Jackson estate and other defendants on May 15 -- only three days before the Billboard Awards -- in an attempt to stop the show from going on. A federal judge in Las Vegas told the plaintiffs to beat it, saying they had no proof that the planned virtual performance would infringe on their patents.
Alki David told Entrepreneur.com that he “took over” the license to German inventor Uwe Maas’s Musion Eyeliner system in North America six months ago from the financially floundering Musion Das Hologram Ltd. He also claims that he outbid Textor last February for the rights to the Eyeliner foil technology and that Textor, along with Michael Jackson estate lawyer John Branca, used it anyway at the Billboard Awards without securing the license.
“They [Textor and Branca] jointly, knowingly, willfully infringed on this because they tried to acquire the license from us and we wouldn’t sell it to them,” David said.
Uwe Maas says Textor is a fraud, claiming he “worked with a pirate and tried to make a setup without infringing my patent. [Textor] is a thief and tries to make money with the ideas of others.”
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="343" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/ETL9KWtufYQ?list=UUulYu1HEIa7f70L2lYZWHOw" width="610" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; width: 595px;"></iframe>
“There’s projection technology and there’s content technology,” Textor said, “and we do not compete with Alki David because we don’t do projection technology and he doesn’t have a single animator working for him.”
Pulse finally countered Alki David’s lawsuit, filing one of its own on June 19, a month after its Billboard stunner. The $10 million countersuit calls David a “charlatan who had no involvement whatsoever in the development of the Michael Jackson animation” and further alleges that he "falsely claimed credit for creating and developing the visual effects spectacle in a nationally-televised interview on CNN, in press releases and on his various websites operated by his company,FilmOn."
Old dog, flashy new tricks
The process of creating a digital clone is no easy feat.
In the case of the Billboard Awards performance, Jackson’s estate originally pitched the idea and settled on the King of Pop’s look from 1991, according to Stephen Rosenbaum, the show’s Oscar-winning visual effects supervisor.
To digitally sculpt and animate Jackson's youthful appearance, with movement and mannerisms he might employ if still alive today, Pulse artists relied on a combination of video and photo reference material from the estate and the Internet. They also used cutting-edge scanning technology at the heavily Defense Department-fundedUniversity of Southern California (USC) Institute for Creative Technologies.
“We used some of our lab’s technology to help with the facial textures of the digital Michael Jackson,” confirmed Paul Debevec, a USC computer science research professor who leads the institute’s computer graphics research group.
“This one [Michael Jackson] was incredibly hard. It’s an incredibly recognizable face and the only reason anybody thought it was creepy was that the guy passed some time ago and we’re seeing him again, not that his face looked completely strange or unrecognizable or his eyes looked goofy or dead or anything like that.”
Choreographers and dancers who worked with Jackson when he was alive were also brought in to fine tune the synthetic Michael’s moves, expressions and trademark yelps.
For the live show, Pulse rigged six projectors above the stage and shined high-resolution, artist-rendered CGI video imagery of Michael onto a rear projection screen, which reflected directly off of a large sheet of holographic Mylar foil. The foil, stretched across the stage and tilted at a 41-degree angle away from the audience, acted as mirror upon which Michael appeared to float, sing and dance on, a “spirit dancing in the light.”
While the media was quick to hail the revival a groundbreaking success, live-stage production veterans weren’t so easily impressed. One insider, whose company provided a service at the Billboard Awards, noticed a tacky, telltale shimmer and heat wave on the foil, giving it away right from the start of the performance. Another said the illusion drums up curiosity based on sensationalism and "wow" factor alone, curiosity that he says won’t last once people figure out they’re being duped.
Pulse isn’t the only visual effects shop capable of creating extremely life-like digital human representations, dead or alive, said Pulse chairman John Textor. He said several companies are already doing it for the big screen, including Sony Pictures Imageworks, Industrial Light and Magic (a division of Lucasfilm Ltd.), Weta Digital in New Zealand, even the recently resurrected Digital Domain and a handful of others.
Image credit: Pulse Evolution Corporation
“The very best in visual effects could be doing this [digital posthumous shows], but they’ve chosen not to,” Textor said. “Their business is making feature films, and we’re glad they are because we’re the only specialized human animation company that I’m aware of in the world.”The high price of resurrection
Bringing back the dead isn’t as expensive as making a feature film, but it isn’t cheap either. At this point, only major organizations, venues, individuals and estates with seriously deep pockets can afford to play ball.
Hologram USA's Alki David says that the cost of installing a permanent, Hologram USA-furnished 20- by 16-feet floating digital clone display inside of a movie theater is about $350,000. (David said he’s hoping to lure audiences back to struggling major theater chains, like Regal, Cinemark, and AMC, via “holographic” show-driven live events.)
That includes the hallowed holographic foil, all other necessary hardware and software components and installation. About $115,000 of that ballpark total is for the projector all on its own. Then add in $150,000 for the annual license fee to use the special foil. The bigger and higher the resolution your image is, the bigger the price tag balloons.
To do the same in an LED screen, which would likely be used at a larger venue, like at a full-stage production show such as the Billboard Awards, the cost could be somewhere near $3 million, David said.
Keep in mind that neither estimate accounts for the millions of dollars involved in commissioning photorealistic CGI images that could pass for living humans and for 3-D when properly projected before a live audience.
“Making believable, photorealistic digital humans is extremely hard and expensive,” Paul Debevec said. “It’s not making Fords. It’s making Bentleys or Lamborghinis or a Lotus. Think small production runs and a lot of time-consuming hand detail here.”
Debevec said he currently has a research prototype in his laboratory that “actually gets 3-D right," meaning the image appears to have depth and volume you can touch. So it’s no shocker that it also cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to manufacture.
Looking back, rapper-producer Dr. Dre got a steal of deal when he commissioned Tupac’s levitating digital likeness for an estimated$100,000 to $400,000. Prices have apparently shot up considerably since 2012. Michael Jackson’s revival reportedly cost several million dollars to create, even before the stage production was built around it, which reportedly cost many millions more.
More pixels, more problems
The exorbitant cost of highly specialized visual effects hardware, software, labor and production, along with likely relatively low margins, are far from the only barriers holding back the business of reviving
http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/235142
</section>